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"Dessalines, Man and Myth" by Ashli White, Ph.D.
White is Assistant Professor of History at the University of Miami. She is the author of Encountering Revolution: Haiti and the Making of the Early Republic ().
The primary sources featured below reflect a critical moment in the Haitian Revolution, when under the leadership of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the revolution became a war for Haitian independence. In Napoleon Bonaparte sent his brother-in-law, Charles Victor Emmanuel Leclerc, with a large army, to Saint-Domingue. His secret instructions were to reinstate slavery in the colony, and as part of this plan, Leclerc ordered the arrest and deportation of then Governor-General Toussaint Louverture. But true to Louverture’s prophesy that "the tree of liberty…will grow back from the roots," Dessalines took command over Louverture’s army and over the direction of the revolution. In the face of Napoleon’s designs, many black and colored Saint-Dominguans decided that the only way to maintain their liberty was to repel invading French forces and declare their break from the metropole.
The fighting between the French and Saint-Dominguans was, by all accounts, ferocious, and after the revolutionaries vanquished their foes, Dessalines sought to ensure the new nat
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Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Haitian revolutionary and first ruler (–)
"Jacques I" redirects here. For other uses, see Jacques I (disambiguation).
Jean-Jacques Dessalines (Haitian Creole: Jan-Jak Desalin; French pronunciation:[ʒɑ̃ʒakdɛsalin]; 20 September – 17 October ) was the first Haitian Emperor, leader of the Haitian Revolution, and the first ruler of an independent Haiti under the constitution. Initially regarded as governor-general, Dessalines was later named Emperor of Haiti as Jacques I (–) by generals of the Haitian Revolutionary army and ruled in that capacity until being assassinated in [1] He spearheaded the resistance against French rule of Saint-Domingue, and eventually became the architect of the massacre of the remaining French residents of newly independent Haiti, including some supporters of the revolution.[2] Alongside Toussaint Louverture, he has been referred to as one of the fathers of the nation of Haiti.[3][4] Dessalines was directly responsible for the country, and, under his rule, Haiti became the first country in the Americas to permanently abolish slavery.
Dessalines served as an officer in the French army when Saint-Domingue was fending off Spanish and British incursions. Later he rose to bec