John langdon haydon down biography definition
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Open take back a unusual tab
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The unrevealed experience
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Down syndrome
Genetic disorder
Medical condition
Down syndrome | |
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Other names | Down's syndrome, Down's, trisomy 21 |
An eight-year-old boy displaying characteristic facial features of Down syndrome | |
Specialty | Medical genetics, pediatrics |
Symptoms | Delayed development, characteristic physical features, mild to moderate intellectual disability[1] |
Usual onset | Mostly at conception, rarely after fertilization[2] |
Duration | Lifelong |
Causes | Third copy of chromosome 21[3] |
Risk factors | Older age of mother, prior affected child[4][5] |
Diagnostic method | Prenatal screening, genetic testing[6] |
Treatment | Physical therapy, Occupational therapy, Speech therapy, Educational support, Supported work environment[7][8] |
Prognosis | Life expectancy 50 to 60 years (developed world)[9][10] |
Frequency | 5.4 million (0.1%)[1][11] |
Named after | John Langdon Down |
Down syndrome or Down's syndrome,[12] also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21.[3] It is usually associated with developmental delays, mild to moderate intellectual disability,
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John Langdon Down studied medicine in England in the nineteenth century and was one of the first people to develop a complete description of the disorder that would later be known as Trisomy 21, or Down Syndrome. Down Syndrome is a condition caused by the presence of an extra chromosome, which may cause a person to be born with certain impaired learning abilities and physical features such as a short neck, flattened face, and almond-shaped eyes. In 1866, Down published one of the first accounts to accurately describe people with Down Syndrome, or what he called “Mongolism,” and identify it as a distinct condition. Additionally, Down advocated for people with mental disabilities at a time when their families commonly abandoned them and medical professionals did not prioritize them. He improved the quality of care for people in the centers he worked in and increased their educational opportunities so they would be better prepared to live a normal life. Down brought increased attention to Down Syndrome, leading to the future discovery of the chromosomal anomaly that causes the disorder, and promoting a higher standard of care for people with mental disabilities.
Much of Down’s work and descriptions of Down Syndrome used terms that researchers now consider inaccurate and offensiv